Table 1 CEI model. The relationships in educational settings (Kallery et al. 2009)

I → E

Linking Ideas with expected Evidence. Predictions of Evidence based on one’s own ideas

R

E → I

Linking of Evidence with Ideas. Explaining specific Evidence in terms of some specific Ideas. These Ideas can be scientific or common

C → E

Linking a piece of Cosmos with a piece of Evidence. Descriptions of what is happening in Cosmos in terms of observed or recalled Evidence

I

E → C

Linking Evidence with a piece of Cosmos. Constructing, intervening or modifying a specific segment of the material world on a basis of a specific piece of evidence

I → C

Linking Ideas with Cosmos. Interventions to the material world. Using scientific ideas, construct a piece of Cosmos with specific characteristics

R

C → I

Linking Cosmos with Ideas. Describing a piece of Cosmos on the basis of one’s own Ideas