Fig. 5

Simplified phylogeny of even-toed ungulates, showing the positions of two fossils, a and b. a Falls within the extant phylogenetic bracket for Ruminantia, and can be expected to share the features shared by all living ruminants, such as chewing the cud. b Falls outside this group and we cannot infer that they shared all of the characteristics of living ruminants. Phylogeny follows Price et al. (2005)