Fig. 2

The human mtDNA genome, totaling 16,568 nt pairs with the numbering starting inside the D-loop (hypervariable region) and proceeding counterclockwise (large arrow). In addition to 13 genes named in the figure, the mtDNA encodes two rRNAs (12S and 16S) and 22 tRNAs (in black and gray stripes representing tRNAs transcribed from the L-chain and H-chain, respectively). PCR primers are indicated as small black arrows inside the mtDNA and sequencing primers as gray arrows