Fig. 1

Geographic range changes in a Late Devonian invasive species, Psuedatrypa devoniana (a), 0.75×. b During the early Frasnian Stage, P. devoniana occupied its ancestral basin in the New York region; c this species invaded the Iowa basin during the middle Frasnian; d and subsequently invades the New Mexico basin during the late Frasnian. The invasions correspond to the sea level rises indicated by the second and third arrow in Fig. 2. Modified from Rode and Lieberman (2004)