Table 1 Table of major features that imply bipedal locomotion (adapted from Harcourt-Smith (2007)
Anatomical feature | Functional significance |
|---|---|
Anteriorly positioned and horizontal foramen magnum | Reflects vertical positioning of spine |
S-shaped spine | Helps efficiently transfer weight of upright trunk to hip joint |
Short, curved, and wide iliac blades | Support of upright trunk |
Wide sacrum | Reflects increased loading on pelvis due to upright trunk |
Large acetabulum | Increased loading through hip joint |
Thick inferior neck of femur | Increased loading through hip joint |
Femur angles in medially from hip to knee | Places lower leg closer to midline of body. Helps with balance when walking on two legs |
Relatively long and robust ankle region | Increases efficiency of foot leverage during walking |
Arched foot | Shock absorption during walking and running |
Fully adducted big toe | Efficient weight transfer during toe-off phase of gait cycle |