Table 3 A summary of the types of interactions included within the terms ‘antagonistic’ and ‘cooperative’
Antagonistic | Cooperative |
|---|---|
Predator–prey interactions | Parental care (both mother- and father-offspring) |
Competition for mates | Colony, flocking, herding and shoaling behaviour |
Parasitism | Vocal or visual communication, such as warning calls |
Territorial competition | Courtship displays and mating behaviour |
Scavenging | Cleaning services and grooming |
Food competition | Cooperative/group hunting |
Dominance/hierarchy interactions | Play behaviour |
Farming | Protective behaviour/inter-species cooperative living |