Fig. 4

Intrinsic, germane, and extraneous cognitive load in the intervention (mean score). Cognitive load was measured on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 1 = low to 7 = high. Error bars show standard errors. GMC− = group that learned in the context of trait gain without a clarification of misconceptions; GMC+ = group that learned in the context of trait gain with a clarification of misconceptions; LMC− = group that learned in the context of trait loss without a clarification of misconceptions; LMC+ = group that learned in the context of trait loss with a clarification of misconceptions; *p < .05