A comparison study of human examples vs. non-human examples in an evolution lesson leads to differential impacts on student learning experiences in an introductory biology course

Table 4 Logistic regression model results for discomfort experienced during the one-day activity

	Discomfort with lesson content
	Complete case data		Multiple imputation
	Est (std)	p-value	Est (std)	p-value
Intercept	0.16 (0.09–0.28)	< 0.001	0.171 (– 1.13 – 1.47)	< 0.001
Discomfort with course content	1.88 (1.61–2.23)	< 0.001	1.9 (0.82 – 2.98)	< 0.001
Year 2 (Reference: Year 1)	1.32 (0.71–2.46)	0.380	1.269 (– 0.01 – 2.55)	0.338
I-SEA (Centered)	0.92 (0.87–0.99)	0.018	0.939 (– 0.09 – 1.97)	0.019
Treatment – Human (Reference: Animal)	0.88 (0.47–1.62)	0.679	0.84 (– 0.47 – 2.15)	0.522
Observations	285		673
R² / adjusted R²	0.370

Model results predicting student discomfort using complete-case data (CC) and multiple imputation (MI). Coefficients represent odds ratios. Year and treatment are binary variables with reference values in parentheses. MI results are pooled following Rubin (2004). Coefficients significant at p ≤ 0.05 are bolded. Full model results including interaction terms are available in the Additional file 1

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