Fig. 3

Class data for Exercise 2 generated using Avida-ED. The frequency of NOT in the Avidian population after a set number of updates is plotted for each student’s pair of trials, first with no reward for being able to perform NOT (light blue bars) and then with a reward for NOT (dark red bars). Overall, the data show that when NOT is rewarded, the trait goes to higher frequency and has a higher probability of persisting in an Avidian population. Importantly, not all students observed this outcome in their individual trials