Table 1 Comparison of study design for publications investigating evolution education in undergraduate students in U.S. institutions
From: A Review of Undergraduate Evolution Education in U.S. Universities: Building a Unifying Framework
Publication | Design | Quantitative/mixed methods | Pilot tested | Instrument used (new/old/both) | Constructs measured | No. of items | Experimental teaching method | Study duration | Incentive |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Johnson and Peeples (1987) | Cross-sectional | Quantitative | ND | New | A and NS | 20 | No—utilized students from 34 institutions | One semester | ND |
Bishop and Anderson (1990) | Pre/post | Mixed | Yes | New | U, A, I, and PE | ND | Yes—conceptual change | Two semesters | ND |
Scharmann (1990) | Quasi-experimental (pre/post) | Quantitative | No | Both—Johnson and Peeples (1987) | U, A, I, and NS | 35 | Yes—essays and discussions on creation vs. evolution | Three weeks | ND |
Demastes et al. (1995) | Quasi-experimental (pre/post) | Mixed | ND | Old—Bishop and Anderson (1990) | U, A, I, and PE | 9 | Yes—conceptual change | One semester | ND |
Jensen and Finley (1995) | Pre/post | Mixed | Yes | Both—Bishop and Anderson (1990) | U and I | 29 | Yes—conceptual change | One semester | ND |
Sinclair et al. (1997) | Pre/post | Mixed | ND | ND | U, A, and ST | 12–14 | No | One semester | ND |
Matthews (2001) | Pre/post/post-post | Quantitative | ND | Both—Lawson and Wornsop (1992) | A and I | 15 | Yes—reading, writing, and discussion on creation vs. evolution | One semester | ND |
Mckeachie et al. (2002) | Pre/post | Quantitative | ND | New | U, A, I, and RB | 4 | No | One semester | ND |
Brem et al. (2003) | Cross-sectional | Mixed | Yes | Both—Bishop and Anderson (1990), Demastes et al. (1995), and Kaufman et al. (1999) | U, A, PE, PI, and EEO | >30 | No course taught | Six weeks | Yes—$10 |
Sinatra et al. (2003) | Cross-sectional | Mixed | Yes | Both—Stanovich (1999), Sa et al. (1999), Settlage and Jenson (1996), Haslam and Treagust (1987), and Schommer (1990) | U, A, I, D, and EB | 143 | No | One semester | ND |
Wilson (2005) | Pre/post | Mixed | ND | ND | I, PE, RB, PO, and GTS | ND | Yes—new evolution course for all majors | One semester | ND |
Ingram and Nelson (2006) | Pre/post | Mixed | Yes | Both—Alter (unpublished survey) | U, A, and I | 12 | No | Three semesters | ND |
Robbins and Roy (2007) | Cross-sectional | Mixed | ND | New | U, A, I, and RB | ND | Yes—inquiry-based learning | One semester | ND |
Lombrozo et al. (2008) | Cross-sectional | Mixed | ND | Both—Liang et al. (2006) | A, PE, RB, and NS | 84 | No course was taught | ND | Yes—course credit |
Rice et al. (2011) | Fr. (pre/post) and Sr. (cross-sectional) | Quantitative | Yes | Both—Ingram and Nelson (2006), Moore and Kraemer (2005), Brem et al. (2003), Colburn and Henriques (2006), Lawson and Wornsop (1992), Bishop and Anderson (1990), and Demastes et al. (1995) | U, RB, A, PE, and NS | 15 | No | Four semesters | ND |