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Fig. 3 | Evolution: Education and Outreach

Fig. 3

From: Historical Biogeography: Evolution in Time and Space

Fig. 3

Event-based reconstruction of the biogeographic history of ratites. Given a cost-based biogeographic model in which each biogeographic event is assigned a cost (a), and a geological area cladogram specifying the relationships between the areas of endemism, i.e., the breakup sequence of the southern continents from Gondwana (b), it is possible to infer how much the biogeographic history of ratites may be explained by geological vicariance and how much by additional processes, such as dispersal, extinction, and duplication (see text for an explanation). d The significance of the inferred reconstruction can be tested by comparing the frequency of events in the original phylogeny against a distribution of frequencies obtained by randomizing the distributions in the original phylogeny 100 times. Abbreviations as in Fig. 1. Adapted from Ronquist and Sanmartín (2011)

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