Fig. 4

Changes in the geographic range size of Hebertella occidentalis (a, 0.6x) during the Late Ordovician from the b pre-invasion (C1 sequence), c invasion (C4 sequence), and d post-invasion (C5 sequence) intervals. This native species successfully survives through the invasion due to its broad ecological tolerances that manifested as a large range size. The yellow region is the Late Ordovician outcrop belt. Modified from Stigall (2010a)