From: Studying Cultural Evolution at the Tips: Human Cross-cultural Ecology
N | Total | Language family | Language group |
---|---|---|---|
24 | NA | Language isolates; No known relatedness | Ainu, Andamanese, Palikur, Basque, Pawnee, Atroari, Ona, Chukci, Pomo, Iroquois, Japanese, Korean, Tzeltal, Masaai, Zapotec, Yagua, Inca, Stoney, Thai, Tukano, Saami, Warao |
18 | 1,489 | Niger–Congo | Akamba, Ashanti, Azande, Banyoro, Bemba, Berom, Bete, Dan, Dogon, Fanti, Fulah, Ganda, Koro, Kulango, Luba, Serer, Tiv, Wolof, Yasgua, Yoruba |
2 | 47 | Na-Dene | Tlingit, W. Apache |
3 | 62 | Uto-Aztecan | Aztec, Hopi, Tarahumara |
2 | 38 | Algonquian | Blackfoot, E. Ojibwa, Ojibwa |
3 | 22 | Chibchan | Cuna, Kogi, Talamanca |
8 | 372 | Afro-Asiatic | Amhara, Babylonian, Egyptian, Hausa, Hebrew, Somali |
12 | 1,239 | Malayo-Polynesian | Api, Caroline Islanders, Chuuk, E. Toradja, Hawaiian, Houailou, Iban, Kodi, Malagasy, Malekula, Tikopia, S. Toradja, Trobriand Islanders |
2 | 32 | Macro-Ge | Karaja, Xavante |
2 | 372 | Austro-Asiatic | Khasi, Khmer, Santal |
3 | 33 | Penutian | Klamath, Lake Yokuts, Tsimshsian, Yokuts |
7 | 443 | Indo-European | Bengali, Croat, Greek, Kurdish, Maldivian, Roman, Serb |
2 | 70 | Tupi | Guarani, Munduruku |
2 | 11 | Eskimo-Aleut | Copper Inuit, Inupiaq |
3 | 365 | Sino-Tibetan | Chepang, Chinese, Tibetan |
2 | 552 | Trans-New Guinea | Kapauku, Kewa |
2 | 65 | Altaic | Turkish, Mongolian |
N | Language family size | ||
30 | Thousands of members | ||
11 | Five or less members (language isolate) | ||
32 | Between five and a hundred members | ||
24 | Hundreds of members | ||
0 | Missing data | ||
N | Religious influence | ||
24 | None | ||
55 | Babylonian Zoroastrian, Judeo-Christian or Muslim | ||
11 | Buddhist or Hindu | ||
7 | Missing data | ||
N | Method of counting or tallying | ||
5 | Total tool using, including words and stylized inscriptions | ||
31 | Some non-tool object use—body parts, pebbles, sticks | ||
61 | Missing Data | ||
N | Recorded preference, ritual or otherwise, for even or odd numbers | ||
32 | Even | ||
29 | Odd | ||
36 | Missing data | ||
N | Degree of Monotheism (adapted from “high gods” Gray 1999) | ||
30 | Absent or not reported | ||
16 | Not active in human affairs | ||
7 | Active in human affairs but not supportive of human morality | ||
20 | Supportive of human morality | ||
24 | Missing data | ||
N | Grammatical system | ||
22 | OV | ||
30 | VO | ||
45 | Missing data | ||
N | Gender of dominant deities or mythical heroes | ||
27 | Absence of female deity/hero | ||
29 | Presence of female deity/hero | ||
41 | Missing data | ||
N | Predominant calendar type | ||
64 | Strictly astronomical or otherwise empirical (e.g. lunar) | ||
8 | Arithmetic (e.g. intercalated, solar) | ||
25 | Missing data | ||
N | Primary indigenous writing system | ||
56 | Alphabet (symbols—letters—depict sounds) | ||
21 | Syllabary or syllabic alphabet (symbols depict syllables) | ||
6 | Systematic logograms/ideograms (symbols depict words) | ||
14 | Missing data | ||
N | Written system of communication | ||
53 | No use of indigenous alphabet or syllabary—borrowed | ||
44 | Invented an alphabet or syllabary (independently or through stimulus diffusion) | ||
0 | Missing data | ||
N | Dominant mode of subsistence | ||
26 | Hunting/gathering | ||
7 | Pastoralism | ||
61 | Agriculture | ||
3 | Missing data | ||
N | “Intensity of Agriculture” (from Gray 1999) | ||
14 | No agriculture | ||
2 | Casual agriculture, incidental to other subsistence modes | ||
32 | Extensive or shifting agriculture, long fallow, and new fields cleared annually | ||
5 | Horticulture, vegetal gardens or groves of fruit trees | ||
17 | Intensive agriculture, using fertilization, crop rotation, or other techniques to shorten or eliminate fallow period | ||
16 | Intensive irrigated agriculture | ||
11 | Missing data | ||
N | Dominant pattern of descent | ||
33 | Patrilineal | ||
14 | Matrilineal | ||
43 | Ambi/duo/bilateral or mixed | ||
7 | Missing data | ||
N | “Transfer of Residence at Marriage: After First Years” (from Gray 1999) | ||
58 | Wife to husband’s group | ||
12 | Couple to either group or neolocal | ||
20 | Husband to wife’s group | ||
7 | Missing data | ||
N | “Domestic Organization” (from Gray 1999) | ||
11 | Independent nuclear family, monogamous | ||
13 | Independent nuclear family, occasional polygyny | ||
2 | Independent polyandrous families | ||
2 | Polygynous: unusual co-wives pattern | ||
8 | Polygynous: usual co-wives pattern | ||
8 | Minimal (stem) extended families | ||
45 | Small or large extended families | ||
0 | Missing data | ||
N | “Largest Cognatic Kin Group” (from Gray 1999 | ||
23 | Bilateral descent | ||
15 | Kindreds: ego-oriented bilateral kin groups | ||
1 | Ambilineal descent: lacking true ramages | ||
3 | Ramages: ancestor oriented ambilineal groups | ||
49 | Unilineal descent groups | ||
6 | Missing data | ||
N | “Kin Terms for Cousins” (from Gray 1999) | ||
26 | Hawaiian-type | ||
14 | Iroquois-type | ||
17 | Eskimo-type | ||
5 | Omaha-type | ||
8 | Descriptive-type | ||
7 | Crow-type | ||
3 | Mixed | ||
17 | Missing data | ||
N | “Community Marriage Organization” (from Gray 1999 | ||
14 | Demes, not segregated into clan barrios | ||
13 | Segmented communities without local exogamy | ||
36 | Agamous communities | ||
8 | Exogamous communities, not clans | ||
2 | Segmented communities, localized clans, local exogamy | ||
11 | Clan communities, or clan barrios | ||
13 | Missing data |