Fig. 5
From: The Hierarchical Structure of Ecosystems: Connections to Evolution
The sloshing bucket model of evolution. A represents the frequency of disturbances of different intensities and geographic scope through time, N; B represents the accumulation of adaptive speciation during the Phanerozoic, S. Note that, in this view, most speciation is associated with intermediate levels of disturbance, not with “background” processes or with global mass extinctions (Miller 2004, Fig. 1)